The Buddha’s teachings have been embodied and transmitted by
a lineage of enlightened and realized masters for over 2,500 years.
The primary responsibility for this transmission has been held by the
monastic tradition of monks and nuns who have been willing to give their
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Sera Jey Monastery is one of the three main monastic institutes of Gelug (Lama Tsong Khapa) tradition founded in early 15 th century in Tibet . It was reestablished at Bylakuppe – South India in 1970.
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Buddhadharma is realized and passed on by the gift interchange of Dharma
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Abbot ( Kenpo)
Khen Rinpoche Acharya Geshe Lobsang Palden is the Chief Priest and head of the Monastery, in spiritual and General Administration.
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Zanabazar, also known as Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar 1635-1723), was the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the spiritual head of Vajrayana Buddhism for the Khalkha in Outer Mongolia. Zanabazar (his given name is Eshidorji, was born as son of the Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj- at that time one of the three Khans in Khalkha- and his wife, Khandojamtso. Zanabazar became a religious leader in Eastern Mongolia.
In 1640 Zanabazar was recognized by the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama as being a "Living Buddha", and he received his seat at Örgöö, then located in Övörkhangai- 400 miles from the present site of Ulaanbaatar- as head of the Gelug tradition in Mongolia. Miraculous occurrences allegedly took place during his youth, and in 1647 (aged 12) he founded the Shankh Monastery.
Brief introduction of Mongolia
by Bayaraa Daguadorj
(taken from mongoluls.net)
In between the giant China and Russia the fascinating country of Mongolia really is something else. It brings to mind the times when the Mongols were feared for their extraordinary fighting skills that delivered them the largest empire ever known to mankind. But these times are long gone. What we call Mongolia today is a country of about twice the size of Texas inhabited by peaceful people. Excluding the capital Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia has an amazingly low population density of half a person per square kilometer (less than one person a square mile). Still Mongolians have a rather distinct way of life, which they have been living for hundreds of years. Nomadic herdsmen wonder around the country in their advanced movable dwellings called gers /yurta/ and face temperatures from 30° C down to -40°c. The diet is for a great deal based on mutton and dairy products; the things given to them by the animals. The preferred local drink is airag, fermented mare's milk.
Mongolian Buddhism is often described as a part of Tibetan Buddhism, which is in many ways. The Central Asian regions of Tibet and Mongolia have a long common cultural and religious heritage that dates back to when the Mongolian Khaans dominated much of Asia. In the beginning of the 13th century Chinggis Khaan /Genghis khan/ conquered the Tangut Xi-xia State but never touched the Tibetan monasteries and monks who were part of Xi-xia Tibet. The leader of the biggest empire ever was known for his religious tolerance, having Nestorian Christians, Moslems, Manicheïsts and shamans within his realm. When after his death trouble rose in Tibet his grandson was sent to settle things. He made friends with Saja (Sa skya) Pandida, the patriarch of the Sa skya sect. With these two the special Tibetan lama-patron relationship starts. Goodan´s successor Khublai Khaan continued this relation with Saja Pandida´s nephew Pagspa. He was invited to the court of Khublai Khaan and bestowed the title of state teacher. Then Mongols decided to adopt Buddhism as their state religion. By order of Khublai Khaan, the Pagspa Lama devised a new script in square characters, a form akin to Tibetan, while the writing style was like Mongol script. The Pagspa Lama also played an important role in establishing the dual system of religion and state. It was the first time that the Tibetan form of Buddhism gained influence in Mongolia.
At the end of 16th century Altan Khaan was in power. He met with Sonam Gyatsao, a Tibetan Buddhist leader whom he gave the title of Dalai Lama. The meaning of the Mongolian word “Dalai” is as assemblage of numerous waters collected in mass just like Tenghis or Chinggis. This meeting meant a revival of Buddhism in Mongolia. Later great-grandson of Altan Khaan will point as an incarnation of the Dalai Lama, strengthening the ties between Mongolia and Tibetan Buddhism. From that period on Buddhism became the predominant religion in the Mongolian territories and began to establish a big clergy. Thus, the Mongol aristocracy supported Tibetan Buddhism, while doing so they enhanced their fame and position in both countries. They maintained this as a policy, which enabled them to play a leading role in Central Asia.
Another lofty figure in Mongolian Buddhism is the first Highness Lofty Zanabazar, who accepted this title in 1639. He studied in Tibet at Sera Drepung Gandan between 1649–1651 and learned much from the Dalai Lama and from the Panchen Lama. He and other followers came back to Mongolia and helped to develop and spread Buddhism and established many Tibetan style schools through Mongolia.
Tibetan Buddhist school can be seen as a gradual path from a rather easy-to-grasp, "realistic" philosophical point of view, to more and more complex and subtle views on the ultimate nature of reality, that is on emptiness and dependent arising culminating in the philosophy of the Madhyamikas, which is widely believed to present the most sophisticated point of view. The Tibetan tenet system is used in the monasteries and colleges to teach Buddhist philosophy in a systematic and progressive fashion, each philosophical view being subtler than its predecessor. Historically, a vast amount of what came to comprise Tibetan Buddhism, stems from the late (9th–12th century) Nalanda teachers and traditions. Nalanda was a Buddhist university in India, origin land of Buddhism, at which taught the one of the Buddhist founders of Indian, Dharmakirti (7th century), the scholar Acharya Nagarjuna and many other famous scholars.
As Buddhism became dominated religion in Mongolia, Mongolians became gentler. Even some say their association with Buddhism weakened them. However, adoption of Buddhism to Mongolia was more than once and each time from Tibet, created generations of Mongolian scholars who permeated Tibetan society. In the heyday of Kumbum monastery, one fifth of the 4000 monks were Mongolians and 80 percent of them were scholars. Many books in Tibetan had written by those Mongolian scholars and many other monks and those books were, still are valuable learning tools for student monks. Later, during the Cultural Revolution in China, Mongolian monks managed to keep Tibetan and Mongolian Medicine and Astrology alive.
At the end of the nineteenth century there were 583 monasteries and temple complexes and 243 incarnate lamas would be living in the Mongolian territories, of which 157 resided in Inner Mongolia. The Buddhist clergy controlled about 20 percent of the country’s wealth and in the 1920s there were about 110.000 monks, making up one-third of the male population.
Given Mongolia’s nomadic tradition, a considerable portion of cultural and spiritual artifacts have historically been kept in the hands of laymen and inherited down from generation to generation. But that cycle of natural conservation of religious and cultural artifacts by society was negatively affected by social upheavals including tumultuous years of political repression. During communist purges in the 1930´s over 750 Buddhist monasteries were destroyed and over 20 thousand intellectuals, particularly learned monks, were massacred, while the nation’s main shrine Gandantegchilen monastery was turned into the Red army’s horse stable until 1944.
Although freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution of 1960 religious activity remains hardly tolerated. Many rituals and festivities were prohibited or tried to be secularized throughout all of Greater Mongolia. In 1989 then liberation sets in with a policy to reaffirm traditional culture (Worden & Savada). In 1990 under influence of the ‘perestroika’ in the USSR communism falls in Mongolia and a revival Buddhism sets in. Monasteries and religious are restored and inhabited again. Lamas are trained again, old monasteries are being restored or rebuild at a different place and new monasteries arise. His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama visited Mongolia seven times, despite various political hurdles which illustrates how well embedded is the Buddhist faith in the mind and hearts of the people, and which was not weakened although religion was heavy handedly suppressed and atheism imposed. As his Holiness remarked in his speech at meeting with Tibetan, Mongolian communities in last month at Berkley, Buddhism is not only part of history, culture of Tibet and Mongolian people, it became their life style of living.
Sources:
Remarks by Counselor of the Mongolia embassy G.Ganbold and Ajia Rinpoche at “Buddhism in Mongolia: Rebirth & Transformation” Smith College, Massachusetts, March 27, 2009;
www.mongoluls.net,
www.tibet-foundation.org
http://en.wikipedia.org
Монголын Буддизм Төвдийн Буддизмын хэсэг байдлаар ихэвчлэн тодорхойлогддог нь түүхийн талаас үүдэлтэй юм. Бурхан багшийг таалал төгсөнөөс хойш хэдэн зуун жилийн дараа Жагар Энэтхэг улснаа бурхан шашин эд хөгжин дэлгэрч эхэлсэн байна. Энэ үед Бал Наланда хэмээх шашины гүн ухаан, философийн их сургуульд алдарт багш Нагаржуна зэрэг эрдэмтэн багш нар хичээл зааж байсан ба энэхүү сургуулиас эхтэй, илүү гүн ухаанлаг Буддын шашины чиглэл эхлээд Түвдэд, тэндээс Монгол уруу дэлгэрэн хөгжсөн юм. Ийнхүү Монголын хаадууд Буддын шашины ариун газар болох Төвдээс шашиныг нэг бус удаа залж дэлгэрүүлэхдээ шашины итгэл үнэмшилээс гадна Монгол, Төвд хоёуланд нь улмаар Төв азид нөлөөллөө өргөжүүлэх давхар зорилготой байсан байна. Буддын шашин Монголд түгэн дэлгэрснээр монголчууд илүү зөөлөн болсон гэж үздэг бол зарим хүмүүс илүү сул дорой болсон гэж үзэх нь бий. Ямартаа ч энэхүү дэлгэрэлт нь Төвдийн шашинд томоохон нөлөө үзүүлсэн Монгол эрдэмтэй лам нарыг төрүүлсэн билээ. Гүмбэм хийдийн эд цэцэглэлтийн үед гэхэд л 4000 гаруй лам нарын 1/5 нь Монгол лам нар байсан бөгөөд тэдгээрийн 80 хувь багш нар байсан нь үүнийг илтгэж байгаа юм. Монгол лам нар түвд хэл дээр Буддын олон ном, сурах бичгийг туурвиж үлдээсэн билээ. Түүчлэн Хятадын соёлын хувьсгалын үед Монгол лам нар Монгол, Төвдийн анагаах ухаан, зурхайн ухааныг авч үлдсэн гэж үздэг ажээ. /Ажаа гэгээн/ Энэхүүбуддыншашин эрчимтэй дэлгэрэлтээр 19 зууны эцэс гэхэд Монгол нийтдээ 583 сүм хийд, тодорсон 243 ламтай болсон бол 1920-оод оны үед эрэгтэйчүүдийн 1/3 буюу 110 гаруй мянган лам хуваргуудын давхраг улсын нийт баялгийн 20 хувийг эзэмших болжээ.
Ийнхүү Буддын шашин Монголын ард түмний зан заншил, соёл, оюун ухааны салшгүй хэсэг болж үеэс үе дамжин ирэхдээ түүхийн хатуу нугалаасанд өртсөн билээ. 1930-аад оны коммунист хэлмэгдлийн үед 750 гаруй сүм хийд нураагдан шатаагдаж, 20 мянга орчим лам хуврагуудын ихэнх нь хүйс тэмтрэгдэж, зарим нь нутаг заагдаж, бурхан шашины ганц төв хийд Гандантэгчилэн 1944 он хүртэл Улаан армийн адууны хороо болгон хэрэглэгдсэн билээ. 1960 онд Монгол үндсэн хуульдаа шашины эрх чөлөөг зарлан тунхагласан ч олон нийтийн шашины зан үйл, баяр наадам хориотой хэвээр байсаар 1990 оны ардчилсан хувьсгалтай золгосон. Энэ үеэс эхлэн хуучин сүм хийд дахин сэргээгдэж, шинэээр олноор баригдаж, лам нар сургагдаж эхэлсэн билээ. Монгол улс гадны улс төрийн элдэв бэрхшээлийг үл тоон Дээрхийн гэгээн 16-р Далай ламтанг 7 удаа урьж авчирсан нь манай ард түмний сэтгэл зүрх, оюун ухаанд Буддын шашин хэрхэн байр эзэлдгийг харуулж байгаа юм. Түүний өнгөрсөн сард Бэрклид Төвд, Монголын коммунититай уулзсан уулзалт дээрээ Буддын шашин нь Төвд Монголын ард түмний түүх, соёлын томоохон хэсэг төдийгүй бидний амьдралын хэв заншил болсныг дурдсан нь юутай үнэн хэрэг билээ. Мэдээллийн эх үүсвэрүүд:
Төв азийн орон болох Төвд, Монгол хоёрын соёл, уламжлал, шашины ижил төстэй байдал нь Монголын хаадууд Азийг донсолгож байх үеэс уламжлалтай аж. 13-р зууны эхэн үед Чингис хаан Тангуд улсыг эзлэхдээ түүний нэг байсан Төвдийн сүм хийд, лам нарт халдаагүй орхисон байна. Тэрээр дэлхийн түүхэнд хамгийн том улсыг байгуулсан хүчирхэг хаан боловч ямар ч шашиныг хахиж хавчдаггүй байснаараа алдартай юм. Түүний эзэнт гүрэнд Христ, Мусалман, Манчэст болон бөөгийн шашинууд зэрэгцэн оршиж байлаа. Түүний нас барсны дараа Төвдэд гарсан асуудлыг шийдвэрлүүлэхээр түүний ач хүү илгээгдсэн ба тэрээр түвдийн томоохон лам болох Сажа Пандит ламтантай сайн нөхөд болсон цаашдийн хаан-лам-ын өвөрмөц нөхөрлөлийн эхлэл болсон байна. Гоодан хааны үр удам Хувилай хаан Сажа ламтаны ахын хүү Пагспа ламтантай ихэд дотносон нөхөрлөж түүнийг улсын Их хуралдай чуулганд урьж, улсын багш хэмээн өргөмжилсэн ажээ. Түүнчлэн Буддын шашиныг улсын шашинаар зарласан байна. Пагсма ламтан Монголын төр засаг, шашин зэрэгцэн орших системийн үүсэлд ихээхэн нэмэр оруулсан төдийгүй Хувилай хааны захиалгаар Түвдийн бичиг үсэгтэй ойролцоо Дөрвөлжин бичгийг зохиосон юм. Энэ нь Монгол Түвдийн Буддизмын томоохон нөлөөлөлд орсоны анхных нь болжээ. 16-р зуунд Алтан хаан ноёрхож байхдаа Төвдийн шашины тэргүүн Соном Гяацао-д “Далай лам” цолыг анх хүртээсэн нь цаашид хэрэглэгдэх болсон билээ. Алтан хааны гуч хүүг 4 дэх Далай ламаар залсан нь Монгол Төвдийн нөхөрлөлд төдийгүй Монголд буддын шашин өргөнөөр дэлгэрэхэд томоохон хувь нэмэр болжээ. Энэ үеэс эхлэн Буддын шашин Монголын бүх нутаг дэвсгэрт голлох шашин болж шашины томоохон давхарга бүрэлдэж эхэлсэн байна. Үүнээс хойш Монголын буддын шашины том төлөөлөгч Занабазар гэгээтэн Төвдэд 1649-1651 оны хооронд Түвдийн 3 том сургалттай Сэра Дрэпунг Гандан хэмээх чойрын дацанд сууж Далай лам, Панчин Лам нараас их зүйлд суралцсан гэж түүхэд үлджээ. Тэрээр болон уг дацанд Буддын шашиныг мухар сүжиг, далдын ид шидээр Бурханд хүрэх замыг заагч сургаал мэтээр бус жинхэнэ гүн ухаан, боловсрол талаар суралцсан бусад Монгол лам нар нутагтаа очиж Бурханы шашиныг өргөнөөр дэлгэрүүлж, Төвдийн жишгээр Монголд 3 дацангийн сургалттай хийдүүд олноор байгуулж эхэлсэн байна.
Америк дахь монголын элчин сайдын яамны консул Г.Ганболд, Ажаа гэгээтэн нарын 2009 оны 3-р сарын 29-д Смит коллеж дээр болсон “Монголын Буддизмын сэргэн мандалт болон шилжилт” хурал дээр хэлсэн үгнээс
www.mongoluls.net,
www.tibet-foundation.org